What is Sigmoidoscopy?
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows a doctor to examine the lower part of the colon, specifically the sigmoid colon and rectum, using a flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope. This device, which has a camera and a light on the end, sends live images of the colon’s interior to a monitor, enabling the doctor to detect any abnormalities or diseases. While similar to a colonoscopy, which assesses the entire colon, it focuses on the lower portion only.
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Why is Sigmoidoscopy Performed?
It is commonly done to investigate the causes of certain digestive symptoms or to screen for colon cancer. Some common reasons for the procedure include:
Diagnosing symptoms:
If you experience abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, or changes in bowel habits, it can help determine the cause.
Colon cancer screening:
Sigmoidoscopy is effective in detecting early signs of colon cancer by identifying polyps that may become cancerous if not removed.
Investigating diseases:
This procedure helps diagnose conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
How is Sigmoidoscopy Conducted
The sigmoidoscopy procedure is performed in several stages:
- Step 1: Preparation – To ensure a clear view, your colon needs to be clean. The preparation typically includes:
- Diet: You may be asked to follow a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure, avoiding solid foods.
- Bowel prep: A special laxative or enema is usually administered to cleanse the colon, ensuring that no waste obstructs the view.
- Step 2: The Procedure
- Positioning: On the procedure day, you will lie on your side with your knees pulled toward your chest. This position makes it easier for the doctor to reach the targeted areas.
- Sedation: Mild sedation may be offered to help you relax, though some individuals undergo the procedure without sedation.
- Inserting the Sigmoidoscope: The doctor gently inserts the sigmoidoscope through the rectum and into the lower colon. This thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera and light captures images of the colon’s interior.
- Examination: As the doctor moves the sigmoidoscope through the colon, live images are displayed on a screen. The doctor may inflate the colon with a small amount of air to get a clearer view of the walls.
- Biopsy or Polyp Removal: If any abnormalities, like polyps, are detected, they may be removed using the sigmoidoscope. A small tissue sample (biopsy) may also be taken for additional analysis.
- Step 3: After the Procedure
- Recovery from Sedation: If sedation was used, you will be monitored for a brief period as it wears off. Most people feel normal within an hour.
- Post-Procedure Discomfort: It’s common to experience some bloating or mild cramping after the procedure due to the introduction of air into the colon. These sensations generally subside within a few hours.
- Return to Normal Activities: Most people can resume their usual activities within a few hours, though it’s advised to avoid heavy meals immediately following the procedure.
What happens after Sigmoidoscopy?
- Results: The doctor will discuss preliminary findings right after the procedure. If any biopsies were taken or polyps removed, it may take a few days for the results to return. Removed polyps will be tested for cancerous
- Follow-Up: Additional tests or treatments may be necessary. For instance, if polyps are found, a colonoscopy might be recommended for a more thorough examination of the colon.
